GMAT申友阅读RC题库-Which of the following best describes the relationship of the statement about large plants (lines 12

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Among the myths taken as fact by the environmental managers of most corporations is

the belief that environmental regulations affect all

competitors in a given industry uniformly. In reality, regulatory costs—and therefore compliance—

fall unevenly, economically disadvantaging some companies and benefiting others. For example, a plant situated near a number of larger noncompliant competitors is less likely to attract

the attention of local regulators than is an isolated plant, and less attention means lower costs.

Additionally, large plants can spread compliance costs such as waste treatment across a larger

revenue base; on the other hand, some smaller plants may not even be subject to certain provisions such as permit or reporting

requirements by virtue of their size. Finally, older production technologies often continue to generate toxic wastes that were not regulated when the

technology was first adopted. New regulations have imposed extensive compliance costs on

companies still using older industrial coal-fired burners that generate high sulfur dioxide and

nitrogen oxide outputs, for example, whereas new facilities generally avoid processes that would

create such waste products. By realizing that they have discretion and that not all industries are affected equally by environmental regulation, environmental managers can help their companies to achieve a competitive edge by anticipating

regulatory pressure and exploring all possibilities for addressing how changing regulations will affect their companies specifically.

Which of the following best describes the relationship of the statement about large plants (lines 12–17) to the passage as a whole?

A. It presents a hypothesis that is disproved later in the passage.

B. It highlights an opposition between two ideas mentioned in the passage.

C. It provides examples to support a claim made earlier in the passage.

D. It exemplifies a misconception mentioned earlier in the passage.

E. It draws an analogy between two situations described in the passage.

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This question asks about the role played in the passage by the following statement:

Additionally, large plants can spread compliance costs such as waste treatment across a larger revenue base; on the other hand, some smaller plants may not even be subject to certain provisions such as permit or reporting requirements by virtue of their size. This statement describes situations in which compliance costs for plants of different sizes may differ, which serve as evidence in support of the passage’s main claim: that environmental regulations do not affect all competitors in a given industry uniformly.

A. The statement in question is not a hypothesis; rather, it reports factors that are known to affect the varying impact of environmental regulations.

B. This is too vague to be a good description of the kind of relationship the question asks about. The statement in question does present a contrast—it suggests that larger plants’ compliance costs are lower under some circumstances, while smaller plants’

compliance costs are lower under other circumstances. But this purports to state two facts rather than mere ideas; they are contrasting facts but not in any meaningful

sense opposed, since they can easily coexist.

C. Correct. The statement provides examples to support the initial claim made in the passage that regulatory costs fall unevenly on competitors in an industry: large plants can spread compliance costs around, and smaller plants may not even have to pay

certain costs.

D. This statement helps to dispel, not exemplify, a misconception mentioned earlier in the passage—i.e., the myth that environmental regulations affect all companies in an industry the same way.

E. The statement does not suggest that the situation of larger and smaller plants is similar (or analogous) to any other situation mentioned in the passage.